Contoh Soal Conditional Sentences (If Clause)

1.      If I have a lot of money, I’ll … (buy) a car.
Answer : buy

2.      If he … (run) quickly, he will get there soon.
Answer : runs

3.      I will … (visit) them if I have enough time.
Answer : visit

4.       If Betha comes, I will give her … (message).
Answer : the message

5.      If we … (arrive) late, he will be angry with us
Answer : arrive

6.      He will … (go ; negative) to the picnic if it rains.
Answer : not go

7.      He would come if you … (invite) him.
Answer : invited

8.      What would you do if she … (come) here?
Answer : came

9.      She would help you if you … (tell) her the truth.
Answer : told

10.  If I … (were) rich I would give my money to the poor.
Answer : were

11.  If he smoked less, he … (would ; negative) cough so much.
Answer : wouldn’t

12.  If we … (know) you were there last year, we would have written you a letter.
Answer : had known

13.  If I finish the assignment before Saturday, I … (submit) it to my lecturer.
Answer : can submit

14.  They might have … (employe) me if I had had work experience.
Answer : employed

15.  If I had known her number, I would have … (call) her.
Answer : called

16.  She could have … finish the exam, if she had had more time.
Answer : finished

17.  Peter … (pass) the examination if he studied well.

Answer : would pass

18.  Roni could win the competition if he … (practice) more.

Answer : practiced

19.  We wouldn’t know that our parents came if my teacher … (tell; negative) us.

Answer : did’nt tell

20.  Don’t expect too much if you … (want) to be happy.

Answer :

21.  Had I known that Desti was a liar, I … (tell) my secret.

Answer : want

22.  If she … (know) there was a test, she would have prepared for it well.

Answer : would’nt have told

23.  We … (do) our work if our computer had not broken down.

Answer : had known

24.  If he … (be) more confident during the interview, he might have the job he wanted.

Answer : had done

25.  They would have lost their bag if the … (leave) it in the hotel.

Answer : had leave

Eras of Change Management: A History of the Discipline

In brief: Change management has evolved and grown over the past forty years. This tutorial presents four eras in the evolution of change management. The current era is marked by building organizational change management capabilities, creating a competitive advantage for companies who have embraced this approach.

Before 1990

The first era of change management occurred over a number of decades leading up to 1990. This era was primarily focused on understanding psychology and human behavior. Although the discipline of change management had not been established, contributions related to psychology and social dynamics helped build an understanding of how human beings experience changes happening to them and around them.

Kurt Lewin, a pioneer in social psychology, provided the notion of force fields and described three states of change in terms of unfreezing, moving andrefreezing. William Bridges, focused primarily on personal transitions and described the natural phases of a transition as endings, the neutral zone and the new beginnings. Psychologists like Elisabeth Kubler-Ross and Virginia Satir contributed insights on grieving and group dynamics, respectively.

Developments in this era shed light on the human experience and how individuals internalize change, but these insights had yet to be applied in an organizational context.

The 1990s

The second era of change management was marked by a significant shift, where an understanding of how humans experienced change moved into an organizational or business context. This is the era where change management moved onto the radar of managers and leaders throughout organizations.

During the 1990s, a number of seminal books were published on managing the people side of change:

• Todd Jick's Managing Change
• Daryl Conner's Managing at the Speed of Change
• Jeanenne LaMarsh's Changing the Way We Change
• John Kotter's Leading Change
• Spencer Johnson's Who Moved My Cheese

These works added an organizational perspective to the individual perspective of the previous era and served to bring change management as a discipline into the mainstream business vernacular. With new advancements in technology and globalization occurring at a rapid pace, organizations faced more change than ever before. During this era, key contributors to the discipline solidified the importance of managing the people side of change in support of projects and initiatives.

The 2000s

Following the emergence of an organizational perspective, the third era in change management was the 2000s, marked by a formalization of the discipline. The "people side of change" - sometimes considered soft and ambiguous - was refined with greater focus and rigor. Tools and processes aimed at supporting the people side of change emerged.

Linda Ackerman-Anderson and Dean Anderson released the Change Leader's Roadmap at the start of the decade, presenting a structured change management process. Prosci also introduced its 3-Phase Change Management Process (through the book Change Management: The People Side of Change) in the early part of the decade, providing a research-based, scalable process to apply on various projects and initiatives.

Toward the end of the decade, another element of "formalization" occurred with the launching of the Association of Change Management Professionals (www.acmpglobal.org). ACMP is a global organization working to advance the discipline of change management through conferences, networking and the establishment of standards and certification. The creation of an association of practitioners, along with the drive to create standards and certification, has helped formalize the profession.

As the practice of change management became more refined and driven by true deliverables and work streams, it gained credibility and recognition within many organizations. However, its application was still somewhat limited, even in organizations that embraced the importance and value.

2012 and beyond

Today we are in the fourth era of change management, an era in which change management becomes part of organizational DNA. Looking to the future, data from Prosci's 2013 benchmarking study identified two major trends in the discipline for the coming five years:

1. Continued formalization, evolution and refinement of the profession

2. A shift in focus from project-by-project application toward building true organizational capabilities

Leading organizations have undertaken this shift, making concerted efforts to embed and institutionalize change management. These organizations are establishing systems that make change management a required and expected element of all projects, increasing the consistent application of a common approach. Simultaneously, they are working to build "change leadership" competencies throughout the organization - from the very top to the most front-line supervisors.

Prosci calls the effort to build organizational change management capabilities Enterprise Change Management - or ECM. Currently, it is still the innovators and early adopters that are moving in this direction. However, data and experience suggests that in the coming years, more organizations will realize that their ability to "out-change" the competition is what will set them apart, and the discipline of change management will become a strategic differentiator.

Sumber : http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-cm-eras.htm

Contoh Soal Subject Verb Agreement

I. Multiple Choice

1.       Most people ………. to listening music.

             a.       Like*

             b.      Likes

             c.       Liked

2.       She …… working.

             a.       are

             b.      is*

             c.       have

3.       We ……. eat salad.

             a.       were*

             b.      was

             c.       went

4.       I ……. submit the job.

             a.       did

             b.      do*

             c.       doing

5.       My boss ……. checked the files.

             a.       has*

             b.      have

             c.       had

6.       My family ……. in Depok.

             a.       live*

             b.      lives

             c.       lived

7.       Eight hours of sleep ……. enough.

             a.       have

             b.      is*

             c.       are

8.       Ten ……. is to much to pay that book.

             a.       dollar

             b.      dollars*

             c.       dollarss

9.       The ……. that I got from my teacher was very interesting.

             a.       were

             b.      went

             c.       was*

10.   My sister will ……. to Sawarna Beach tomorrow.

             a.       going

             b.      went

             c.       go*

       II. Analysis Error
      
       1.       My mother and father is arriving today.

                        A           B    C

  Answer : B (is)

  ð two or more subjects connected by “and” use a plural verb.

 2.       One of my sister like to reading book.

             A               B         C

  Answer : B (likes)

  ð subject in plural verb, then used the singular verb.

 3.       The boys walks to school.

   A           B           C

  Answer : B (walk)

  ð subject in singular verb, then used the plural verb.

4.       Each book and magazine are listed in the database.

 A                B    C

 Answer : B (is)

 ð “each” is always in the singular noun, although a noun are connected there are two or more subjects.

5.      My friends lives in Yogyakarta.

  A             B   C

Answer : C (live)

ð subject in plural verb, then used the singular verb.

6.      Wether to buy or rent a car are an important financial question.
                A                    B           C

Answer : B (is)

ð two or more subjects connected by “or” use a singular verb.

7.       All part of the cake have been eaten by my sister.

                  A             B            C

Answer : B (has)

ð the object of the prosisi is plural, then use a plural verb.

8.       A number of kids comes to my shop and buy chocolate.

    A    B                          C

Answer : B (come)

ð the phrase the number means the number, followed by a singular verb. While a number, followed by a plural verb.

9.       Either of us are able to speak English.

                 A      B             C

Answer : B (is)

ð either the subject of the sentence, then use the singular verb.

10.   Either sarah or susan have been ready to go.

   A              B                          C

 Answer : B (has)

 ð two singular subjects connected by either/or requires a singular verb.

11.   Either my father or I will going to the market.

      A             B           C

Answer : A (am)

ð when “I” was one of the subjects are connected by either/or, as well as the “I” placed on the second, then follow the subject with the verb am.

12.   Rani is talking to the kid who buy my cake.

                       A                 B           C

 Answer : B (kids)

 ð the verb after “who” is plural, then use a plural verb.

13.   These trousers is made of wool.

    A                  B           C

 Answer : B (are)

 ð noun “trousers” should be followed by a plural verb.

14.   There is many questions.

     A    B                 C

 Answer : B (are)

 ð the subject comes after the verb, but still used to define single or plural.

15.   My family have a long history.

                 A       B                   C

 Answer : B (has)

 ð collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but that are considered singular and take a singular verb.

KUTIPAN

Kutipan, sebuah kata yang mungkin semua orang belum mengetahui maksudnya apa. Disini saya akan mengulas sedikit mengenai kutipan. Kutipan adalah gagasan, ide, pendapat yang diambil dari berbagai sumber. Proses pengambilan gagasan itu disebut mengutip. Gagasan itu bisa diambil dari kamus, ensiklopedi, artikel, laporan, buku, majalah, internet, dan lain sebagainya.

Tujuan:

Dalam tulisan ilmiah, baik berupa artikel, karya tulis, skripsi, tesis, dan disertasi selalu terdapat kutipan. Kutipan adalah pengokohan argumentasi dalam sebuah karangan. Seorang penulis tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk menyelidiki suatu hal yang sudah dibuktikan kebenarannya oleh penulis lain, penulis cukup mengutip karya orang lain tersebut. Dengan demikian kutipan memiliki fungsi sebagai:

a. landasan teori

b. penguat pendapat penulis

c. penjelasan suatu uraian

d. bahan bukti untuk menunjang pendapat itu

Berdasarkan fungsi di atas seorang penulis harus memperhatikan hal-hal berikut:

1) penulis mempertimbangkan bahwa kutipan itu perlu

2) penulis bertanggung jawab penuh terhadap ketepatan dan ketelitian kutipan

3) kutipan dapat terkait dengan penemuan teori

4) jangan terlalu banyak mempergunakan kutipan langsung

5) penulis mempertimbangkan jenis kutipan, kutipan langsung atau kutipan tak langsung

6) perhatikan teknik penulisan kutipan dan kaitannya dengan sumber rujukan

Prinsip-prinsip dalam mengutip

Dalam membuat tulisan kita pasti sering mengambil atau mengutip dari tulisan orang lain, maka dari itu perlu kita tahu bagaimana prinsip-prinsip yang benar dalam mengutip dari tulisan orang lain. Diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut:

a.       apabila dalam mengutip sebuah karya atau tulisan yang ada salah ejaan dari sumber kutipan kita, maka sebaiknya kita biarkan saja apa adanya seperti sumber yang kita ambil tersebut. Kita sebagai pengutip tidak diperbolehkan membenarkan kata ataupun kalimat yang salah dari sumber kutipan kita.

b.      dalam kutipan kita diperkenankan menghilangkan bagian-bagian kutipan dengan syarat bahwa penghilangan bagian itu tidak menyebabkan perubahan makna atau arti yang terkandung dalam sumber kutipan kita. Caranya :

·         Menghilangkan bagian kutipan yang kurang dari satu alinea.
Bagian yang dihilangkan diganti dengan tiga titik berspasi.

·         Menghilangkan bagian kutipan yang kurang dari satu alinea.
Bagian yang dihilangkan diganti dengan tiga titik berspasi sepanjang garis (dari margin kiri sampai margin kanan).

Jenis Kutipan

a.       Kutipan langsung:

Kutipan Langsung ialah kutipan yang sama persis dengan teks aslinya,tidak boleh ada perubahan.Kalau ada hal yang dinilai salah/meragukan,kita beri tanda ( sic! ),yang artinya kita sekedar mengutip sesuai dengan aslinya dan tidak bertanggung jawab atas kesalahan itu.Demikian juga kalau kita menyesuaikan ejaan,memberi huruf kapital,garis bawah,atau huruf miring,kita perlu menjelaskan hal tersebut, missal [ huruf miring dari pengutip ],[ ejaan disesuaikan dengan EYD ],dll. Bila dalam kutipan terdapat huruf atau kata yang salah lalu dibetulkan oleh pengutip,harus digunakan huruf siku [ ….. ].

b.      Kutipan tidak lansung ( Kutipan Isi ):

Dalam kutipan tidak langsung kita hanya mengambil intisari pendapat yang kita kutip.Kutipan tidak langsung ditulis menyatu dengan teks yang kita buat dan tidak usah diapit tanda petik.Penyebutan sumber dapat dengan sistem catatan kaki,dapat juga dengan sistem catatan langsung ( catatan perut ) seperti telah dicontohkan.

·         Kutipan pada catatan kaki

·         Kutipan atas ucapan lisan

·         Kutipan dalam kutipan

·         Kutipan langsung pada materi

Ada tiga cara menempatkan sumber kutipan dalam tulisan, yaitu:

1.      cara ringkas, yaitu cara menempatkan sumber kutipan dibelakang bahan yang dikutip. Sumber kutipan ini ditukiskan diantara tanda kurung dengan menyebutkan nama pengarang, tahun penerbitan, dan halaman yang dikutip.

2.      cara langsung, yaitu cara menempatkan sumber kutipan langsung dibawah sumber kutipan langsung dibawah pernyataan yang dikutip. Antara pernyataan atau teks dalam tulisan dengan sumber kutipan dipusahkan dengan garis lurus sepanjang garis teks. Jarak garis pemisah dengan teks adalah satu spasi dan jarak garis pemisah dengan sumber kutipan adalah dua spasi, sedangkan garis baris dari kutipan itu sendiri adalah satu spasi

3.      cara menempatkan sumber kutipan di kaki halaman, cara ini lazim dfisebut footnote (catatan kaki) dan cara ini lebih banyak dianut dalam penulisan skripsi. Antara bagian teks dengan footnote dipisahkan dengan garis lurus sepanjang dua inci dan jarak baris antara garis pemisah dengan teks adalah satu setengah spasi, sedangkan jarak baris antara garis pemisah atau footnote adalah dua spasi.indensi untuk footnote seperti indensi alines bsru dalam teks. Jarak baris dalam footnote adalah satu spasi, sedangkan jarak antara footnote satu dengan footnote lain dalam tiap halaman adalah dua spasi.

Contoh Kutipan:

1.      Kutipan langsung

“Pustaka Java berisi ribuan (lebih dari 5000) kelas beraneka ragam keampuhan. Kekayaan ini merupakan kandungan tersembunyi bahwa penggunaannya dapat menghemat ratusan jam kerja. Keampuhan ini hanya dapat dimanfaatkan bila kita rajin mencoba. Sebelum membuat solusi sendiri, coba eksplorasi pustaka bahasa, mungkin telah diselesaikan” (Bambang Hariyanto, Esensi-esensi Bahasa Pemrograman Java, 2007, Hal. 37-38)

Menurut Gorys Keraf dalam bukunya Argumentasi dan Narasi (1983:3), argumentasi adalah suatu bentuk retorika yang berusaha untuk mempengaruhi sikap dan pendapat orang lain, agar mereka itu percaya dan akhirnya bertindak sesuai dengan apa yang diinginkan oleh penulis atau pembicara. 

2.      Kutipan tak langsung

Penulisan dengan identasi merupakan konvensi penulisan yang bagus untuk diikuti. Identasi berarti memberi iden setiap menemui blok baru pada blok-blok yang berbeda. Identasi adalah gaya penulisan program bukan bagian bahasa secara teknis, sehingga digunakan untuk memperjelas pembacaan program oleh pemrogram, bukan oleh kompilator. Kompilator menghasilkan keluaran yang sama meski tanpa identasi. (Bambang Hariyanto, Esensi-esensi Bahasa Pemrograman Java, 2007, Hal. 174)

Argumentasi pada dasarnya tulisan yang bertujuan mempengaruhi keyakinan pembaca agar yakin akan pendapat penulis bahkan mau melakukan apa yang dikatakan penulis (Keraf, 1983:3).