Management Functions

Every organization has implemented its own management concepts in order for it to run smoothly and accomplish the vision, goals and objectives it has set forth. The basic functions of management, broken down into four different areas The four functions of management are: planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

1. Planning

   Planning is the core of all the functions of management. Planning requires management to evaluate where the company is currently, and where it would like to be in the future. From there an appropriate course of action to attain the company's goals and objectives is determined and implemented.

2. Organizing

   Organizing is the second function of management. Management must organize all its resources in order to implement the course of action it determined in the planning process. Through the process of getting organized, management will determine the internal organizational structure; establish and maintain relationships, as well as allocate necessary resources.

   In determining the internal structure, management must look at the different divisions or departments, the coordination of staff, and what is the best way to handle the necessary tasks and disbursement of information within the company. Management will then divide up the work that needs to be done, determine appropriate departments, and delegate authority and responsibilities.

3. Directing

   The third function of management is directing. Through directing, management is able to influence and oversee the behavior of the staff in achieving the company's goals, as well as assisting them in accomplishing their own personal or career goals.

   Effective communication is vital in maintaining a productive working environment, building positive interpersonal relationships, and problem solving. Understanding the communication process and working on areas that need improvement help managers to become more effective communicators. The best way to find areas that need improvement is to periodically ask themselves and others how well they are doing.

4. Controlling

   Controlling is the last of the four functions of management. It involves establishing performance standards based on the company's objectives, and evaluating and reporting actual job performance. Once management has done both of these things, it should compare the two to determine any necessary corrective or preventive action.

   The control process, as with the other three, is ongoing. Through controlling, management is able to identify any potential problems and take the necessary preventative measures. Management is also able to identify any developing problems that need to be addressed through corrective action.

How the Crows Became Black (Short Story)

Long ago, the crow used to be a white bird. In his neighbourhood, lived an owl who had a dye shop. The crow was fascinated by the myriad colours. He flew down to the owl’s shop and asked if his white body could be coloured. “I want to be the most beautiful bird in the world,” he said. The owl agreed and asked him to come the next day.

Now the owl was slightly blind but he was too vain to wear spectacles. While mixing the colours for the crow, he poured black instead of lilac. The crow arrived early the next day. “Your colours are ready. Just dive into that pool of water.” The crow lost no time and dived in. But alas! When he emerged, he saw that he was dark in colour. He seethed with anger and cawed at the owl, “Why have you made me black?” The owl frightened flew away and came out only at night when the crow was asleep. Since then, crows are black and owls’ venture out only at night. http://shortstoriesshort.com/story/how-the-crows-became-black/

1. “I want to be the most beautiful bird in the world,” he said
   • He said he want to be the most beautiful bird in the world
2. “Your colours are ready. Just dive into that pool of water.” The owl said
   • The owl told the crow the colours are ready. He just dive into that pool of water
3. “Why have you made me black?” he said
   • He asked me if why I had made he black

TASK 4

TAG QUESTION

Add the question tag at the end of the following sentences

1. They want to come, ...... ?
   • won’t they
2. They won’t be here, ...... ?
   • will they
3. He has learned a lot in the last couple of years, ...... ?
   • hasn’t he
4. She has not in car, ...... ?
   • has she
5. Joan can’t come with us, ...... ?
   • can he
6. Those aren’t your books, ...... ?
   • are they
7. Everyone can learn how to play the violin, ...... ?
   • didn’t they
8. Something is wrong with you today, ...... ?
   • isn’t it
9. Nothing is wrong, ...... ?
   • is it
10. She went to the campus yesterday, ...... ?
    • didn’t she
11. You had a good time last week, ...... ?
    • hadn’t you
12. You should leave for the airport by six, ...... ?
    • don’t you
13. She doesn’t have cats, ...... ?
    • does she
14. Nobody has told you the secret, ...... ?
    • did they
15. I am right, ...... ?
    • aren’t I
16. Let’s study English, ...... ?
    • shall we
17. He is never late to class, ...... ?
    • is he
18. Your parents haven’t arrived yet, ...... ?
    • are they
19. Class ends at 11.00, ...... ?
    • isn’t it
20. Mala sat next to Ria last meeting, ...... ?
    • aren’t they

Information System In Management

A management information system (MIS) is a computerized database of financial information organized and programmed in such a way that it produces regular reports on operations for every level of management in a company. It is usually also possible to obtain special reports from the system easily. The main purpose of the MIS is to give managers feedback about their own performance; top management can monitor the company as a whole. Information displayed by the MIS typically shows "actual" data over against "planned" results and results from a year before; thus it measures progress against goals. The MIS receives data from company units and functions. Some of the data are collected automatically from computer-linked check-out counters; others are keyed in at periodic intervals. Routine reports are preprogrammed and run at intervals or on demand while others are obtained using built-in query languages; display functions built into the system are used by managers to check on status at desk-side computers connected to the MIS by networks. Many sophisticated systems also monitor and display the performance of the company's stock.

ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION

The MIS represents the electronic automation of several different kinds of counting, tallying, record-keeping, and accounting techniques of which the by far oldest, of course, was the ledger on which the business owner kept track of his or her business. Automation emerged in the 1880s in the form of tabulating cards which could be sorted and counted. These were the punch-cards still remembered by many: they captured elements of information keyed in on punch-card machines; the cards were then processed by other machines some of which could print out results of tallies. Each card was the equivalent of what today would be called a database record, with different areas on the card treated as fields. World-famous IBM had its start in 1911; it was then called Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. Before IBM there was C-T-R. Punch cards were used to keep time records and to record weights at scales. The U.S. Census used such cards to record and to manipulate its data as well. When the first computers emerged after World War II punch-card systems were used both as their front end (feeding them data and programs) and as their output (computers cut cards and other machines printed from these). Card systems did not entirely disappear until the 1970s. They were ultimately replaced by magnetic storage media (tape and disks). Computers using such storage media speeded up tallying; the computer introduced calculating functions. MIS developed as the most crucial accounting functions became computerized.

Waves of innovation spread the fundamental virtues of coherent information systems across all corporate functions and to all sizes of businesses in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. Within companies major functional areas developed their own MIS capabilities; often these were not yet connected: engineering, manufacturing, and inventory systems developed side by side sometimes running on specialized hardware. Personal computers ("micros," PCs) appeared in the 70s and spread widely in the 80s. Some of these were used as free-standing "seeds" of MIS systems serving sales, marketing, and personnel systems, with summarized data from them transferred to the "mainframe." In the 1980s networked PCs appeared and developed into powerful systems in their own right in the 1990s in many companies displacing midsized and small computers. Equipped with powerful database engines, such networks were in turn organized for MIS purposes. Simultaneously, in the 90s, the World Wide Web came of age, morphed into the Internet with a visual interface, connecting all sorts of systems to one another.

Midway through the first decade of the 21st century the narrowly conceived idea of the MIS has become somewhat fuzzy. Management information systems, of course, are still doing their jobs, but their function is now one among many others that feed information to people in business to help them manage. Systems are available for computer assisted design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM); computers supervise industrial processes in power, chemicals, petrochemicals, pipelines, transport systems, etc. Systems manage and transfer money worldwide and communicate worldwide. Virtually all major administrative functions are supported by automated system. Many people now file their taxes over the Internet and have their refunds credited (or money owning deducted) from bank accounts automatically. MIS was thus the first major system of the Information Age. At present the initials IT are coming into universal use. "Information Technology" is now the category to designate any and all software-hardware-communications structures that today work like a virtual nervous system of society at all levels.

Sumber:http://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/management-information-systems-mis.html

In my opinion, Management Information System is the computerized system designed to assist management activities in accordance with the facts and figures processing. MIS used to give managers feedback about their own performance; top management can monitor the company as a whole. The MIS represents the electronic automation of several different kinds of counting, record-keeping, and accounting techniques.